This synthesis report presents the results of an ENERGIA/UK Department of International Development (DfID) research project on “Gender as a key variable in energy.” The project brought together some of the world’s foremost experts on gender and energy in a Collaborative Research Group on Gender and Energy. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are viewed as key drivers in achieving the Millennium Goals. They have not however been seen as key drivers in the energy sector, nor has energy been viewed as critical to the gender and poverty discussion, partly due to the failure to engage both gender and energy researchers and practitioners in the same debate. In this research project the challenge was to move towards a framework for gender and energy policy research and practice in the 21st century.